Citrus fruits were introduced to Britain as a cure for scurvy during the age of exploration, and they’ve since become everyday staples in kitchens, supermarkets, and even medicine cabinets. Lemons, oranges, and limes were once rare, prized remedies—now they’re beloved for their flavour, nutrition, and versatility.
This article traces the fascinating journey of citrus fruits from essential naval medicine to common snacks and cooking ingredients in British life.
Citrus and the Fight Against Scurvy
Scurvy, a disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), was once a deadly threat for sailors on long sea voyages.
The Rise of Scurvy During Long Voyages
British sailors in the 16th to 18th centuries often went months without access to fresh fruits and vegetables.
- Symptoms of scurvy included bleeding gums, fatigue, joint pain, and eventually death.
- Mortality rates were staggering—it’s estimated that scurvy killed more sailors than battles during some naval campaigns.
Discovery of Citrus as a Cure
James Lind, a Scottish naval surgeon, conducted a landmark trial aboard HMS Salisbury in 1747.
- Lind gave sailors different dietary supplements, and only those given oranges and lemons recovered.
- His findings proved citrus fruits could prevent and cure scurvy, though it took decades for the British Navy to act on them.
The British Navy’s Adoption of Citrus
By the late 1700s, the Royal Navy had accepted the value of citrus and implemented a formal policy to combat scurvy.
Lime Juice Becomes Standard Issue
In 1795, the Royal Navy began issuing daily citrus rations to sailors.
- Initially, lemons were used, but were later replaced with West Indian limes, which were easier to transport.
- This led to British sailors being nicknamed “limeys”—a term still occasionally used today.
Preservation Techniques
To preserve juice for long voyages:
- Citrus juice was stored in barrels or bottles, sometimes mixed with alcohol like rum (leading to grog).
- This practice dramatically reduced scurvy cases and strengthened the British naval fleet.
Citrus Fruits Enter Civilian Life
As citrus fruits proved their value in medicine, they gradually entered British homes and markets.
Growing Popularity in Victorian Times
By the 19th century, citrus was available to the public:
- Oranges were sold in markets, especially at Christmas as luxury treats.
- Lemonade and orange-flavoured sweets became fashionable, often used to soothe sore throats or aid digestion.
Citrus in Home Remedies
Lemons and oranges gained a reputation for wellness benefits:
- Lemon and honey mixtures for colds and coughs became household remedies.
- Citrus peels were steeped in hot water or alcohol to create homemade tonics.
Modern-Day Citrus in British Culture
Today, citrus fruits are an everyday presence in the UK, both for culinary use and continued health support.
Oranges and Lemons in British Cuisine
Citrus features in a wide range of British dishes:
- Lemon drizzle cake, orange marmalade, and citrus puddings are now classic staples.
- Citrus marinades, salad dressings, and roasted vegetables showcase the savoury use of these fruits.
Citrus and Public Health Today
While scurvy is now rare, vitamin C remains essential.
- Lemon and orange juice are key dietary sources for people avoiding vitamin supplements.
- Citrus is often recommended in immune-boosting diets and winter cold remedies.
Citrus Farming and Import in the UK
The UK’s climate doesn’t suit citrus farming, so imports are essential.
Source Countries and Supply
Most British citrus comes from:
- Spain (lemons, oranges) and Italy—reliable suppliers due to proximity and trade ties.
- South Africa and Morocco during off-seasons to meet demand.
Local Initiatives
Though rare, a few growers in southern England attempt to grow citrus under glass or in conservatories.
Cultural and Seasonal Significance
Citrus has become a symbol of freshness, health, and even celebration.
Christmas Oranges Tradition
Giving an orange at Christmas originated from Victorian times when exotic fruits were rare and cherished.
- Stocking oranges symbolised generosity and luxury.
- This tradition is still honoured in some British households.
Popular Citrus-Based Products
From cleaning agents to skincare:
- Citrus scents dominate cleaning product shelves, thanks to their fresh smell and degreasing power.
- Vitamin C serums and citrus-infused oils are used widely in beauty routines.
FAQs About the History of Citrus Fruits in Britain
Here are some questions and answers about the rise of citrus fruits in British history and culture.
What is the origin of the term “limey”?
It comes from British sailors who were given lime juice to prevent scurvy. The term later became slang, particularly in North America, for a British person.
When did citrus become common in the UK?
While first used medicinally in the 1700s, citrus fruits became widely available in markets and homes during the 1800s, especially in urban areas.
Why did the Navy switch from lemons to limes?
Limes were more readily available from British colonies like the West Indies. However, they contain less vitamin C than lemons, which may have reduced their effectiveness.
Is scurvy still a concern today?
Scurvy is rare in modern Britain but can still occur in individuals with extremely poor diets. Citrus remains an important preventative food due to its high vitamin C content.
Are citrus fruits grown in the UK?
Not commercially. The British climate is too cold for citrus farming. However, some home gardeners grow lemons and oranges in greenhouses or conservatories.